Hookworms can lead to gastrointestinal upset in otherwise healthy adult dogs, but can turn fatal for puppies. Here, our Elk Grove vets share information about hookworms in dogs and how these problematic parasites can be treated and prevented.
What are Hookworms?
These intestinal parasites have hook-like mouthparts and are commonly diagnosed in both cats and dogs. While hookworms are only about 1/4" - 3/4" in size, once they latch on to your pet's intestine, they can consume surprisingly large amounts of blood. If your pet has a significant number of hookworms, they may develop anemia or inflammation of the intestine.
How do dogs get hookworms?
Dogs can become infected with hookworms in one of four ways:
- Your dog can easily ingest hookworm larvae by sniffing contaminated soil or feces, or when grooming their feet.
- Larvae can penetrate your dog's skin, leading to infection.
- Unborn puppies can contract hookworms through the mother's placenta in utero.
- Once born, puppies can contract hookworms by drinking their mother's infected milk.
What is the Hookworm's Life Cycle?
The three stages of the hookworm lifecycle include the egg, larvae and adult.
- Adults lay microscopic eggs within an infected pet. The eggs then pass through the feces, where they hatch into larvae and contaminate the environment.
- Larvae can survive for weeks or even months before infecting an unsuspecting dog.
- Once the larvae enter your pooch's body, they migrate to the intestine, where they mature into adults and lay eggs, starting the cycle again.
What are the Symptoms of Hookworms in Dogs?
The primary symptom of hookworms in dogs is intestinal upset. Other symptoms may include:
- Dull, dry coat
- Coughing
- Skin irritation (especially around the paws)
- Failure of puppy to grow properly
- Pale gums
- Bloody diarrhea
- Generalized weakness
- Significant, unexplained weight loss
If your dog is displaying any signs of hookworms listed above, contact your vet right away. It's not uncommon for young puppies to die from severe hookworm infections.
How are Hookworms Diagnosed?
Hookworms are easy to diagnose through a fecal flotation test.
Your vet will request that you bring in a fresh stool sample from your dog. The stool will be mixed with a solution that will cause the eggs (if present) to float to the top of the solution where they can easily be spotted.
However, this test is only accurate once the worms have matured enough to begin producing eggs. Unlike some other worms seen in dogs, you will not typically see hookworms in your dog's poop because the worms stay securely latched onto your pet's intestinal lining until the condition is treated.
It takes 2-3 weeks for worms to reach maturity and begin producing eggs, for this reason, fecal floats may not be accurate in diagnosing hookworms in very young puppies.
How are Dog Hookworms Treated?
A class of drugs called anthelmintics can be used to eliminate hookworms. These medications are typically given orally and rarely produce side effects. That said, these medications are only effective at killing adult hookworms so it will be necessary to repeat treatment 2-3 weeks following the first treatment.
If your dog is suffering from severe anemia due to hookworms, a blood transfusion may be necessary to save your dog's life.
Can Hookworms Infect Humans?
Lying on infected ground can allow the hookworm larvae to begin burrowing into the skin leading to a condition called 'ground itch'.
In some rare cases, hookworm larvae can penetrate and damage internal organs including the eyes, which can cause blindness and complications. Good bathing and hygiene habits can help to prevent hookworm infections in people.
How Can I Prevent My Dog from Contracting Hookworms?
There are a number of key approaches when it comes to preventing the spread of hookworms in dogs:
- Puppies should be dewormed at approximately 2-3 weeks of age, and if symptoms occur.
- Nursing female dogs should be dewormed when their puppies are also dewormed.
- Always clean up after your dog when at the park or out on walks, and keep your yard free of dog waste.
- Be sure to wash your hands frequently when around your dog, or after cleaning up dog waste. Also ensure that your children wash their hands frequently.
- Keep your dog up-to-date on their parasite prevention. Many products formulated to prevent hookworm will also help to prevent hookworm. Speak to your vet to learn more about the right parasite prevent for your canine companion.
Note: The advice provided in this post is intended for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice regarding pets. For an accurate diagnosis of your pet's condition, please make an appointment with your vet.